Introduction to Chinese Culture by Li Yunfang
中国文化 Chinese Culture
China – 中国 – Zhōngguó
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Thanks to Ms. Li Yunfang for her her contribution!
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一 地理概况 Geographical Situation of China (yī dìlǐ ɡàikuànɡ)
1.面积: 960万平方公里 area: 9.6 million square km
miàn jī: 960 wàn pínɡ fānɡ ɡōnɡ lǐ
2. 形状: 雄鸡 shape: Rooster
xínɡ zhuànɡ : xiónɡ jī
3. 行政划分: 34个省级行政单位 34 provincial administrative units
包括23个省、4个直辖市(北京、天津、上海、重庆)、5个自治区(内蒙古自治区、广西壮族自治区、西藏自治区、宁夏回族自治区和新疆维吾尔自治区)、2个特别行政区(香
港、澳门)
Including 23 provinces, 4 municipalities directly under the central government (Beijing, Tianjin, Shanghai, Chongqing), 5 autonomous regions (Inner Mongolia, Guangxi, Tibet, Ningxia, Xinjiang), 2 special administrative regions (Hong Kong, Macao)
xínɡ zhènɡ huà fēn : 34 ɡè shěnɡ jí xínɡ zhènɡ dān wèi。
bāo kuò 23 ɡè shěnɡ 、4 ɡè zhí xiá shì(běi jīnɡ 、tiān jīn 、shànɡ hǎi 、chónɡ
qìnɡ ) 、5 ɡè zì zhì qū(nèi měnɡ ɡǔ zì zhì qū 、ɡuǎnɡ xī zhuànɡ zú zì zhì
qū 、 xī zànɡ zì zhì qū 、nínɡ xià huí zú zì zhì qū hé xīn jiānɡ wéi wú ěr zì
zhì qū ) 、 2 ɡè tè bié xínɡ zhènɡ qū ( xiānɡ ɡǎnɡ 、ào mén )
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4. 母亲河:华夏文明的发源地,长江和黄河
Mother Rivers: the birthplace of Chinese civilization, the Yangtze River and the Yellow River
mǔ qīn hé : huá xià wén mínɡ de fā yuán dì , chánɡ jiānɡ hé huánɡ hé
5. 五岳: 东岳泰山、西岳华山、南岳衡山、北岳恒山、中岳嵩山
The five mountains:
East Mountain Taishan in Shandong, West Mountain Huashan in Shanxi, South Mountain Hengshan in Hunan, North Mountain Hengshan in Shanxi and Central Mountain Songshan in Henan
wǔ yuè :dōnɡ yuè tài shān 、xī yuè huà shān 、nán yuè hénɡ shān 、běi yuè hénɡ
shān 、 zhōnɡ yuè sōnɡ shān
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二 历史演变 Historical Evolution (èr lì shǐ yǎn biàn)
1.三皇:伏羲、神农、黄帝
The three emperors: Fu Xi, Shen Nong, Huang Di (dates unknown may be legendary)
sān huánɡ : fú xī 、 shén nónɡ 、 huánɡ dì
炎黄子孙 Chinese descent
yán huánɡ zǐ sūn
华夏文明 Chinese civilization
huá xià wén mínɡ
2. 朝代的的更迭 the change of dynasties
cháo dài de ɡēnɡ dié
夏 Xia , xià (about 2070 – 1600 BC)
商 Shang ,shānɡ (about 1600 – 1046 BC)
周 Zhou (1000 – 200 BC)
西周 Western Zhou ,
东周:春秋、战国 Eastern Zhou: the Spring and Autumn period、the Warring States period
zhōu
xī zhōu
dōnɡ zhōu : chūn qiū 、 zhàn ɡuó
秦(公元前 221年建立)Qin dynasty was founded in 221 BC
qín ( ɡōnɡ yuán qián 221 nián jiàn lì )
汉 Han
西汉(公元前206年- 公元8年)Western Han
东汉(25年建立)eastern Han
hàn
xī hàn ( ɡōnɡ yuán qián 206 nián – ɡōnɡ yuán 8 nián )
dōnɡ hàn ( 25 nián jiàn lì )
三国(魏、蜀、吴)the three kingdoms
sān ɡuó ( wèi 、 shǔ 、 wú )
魏晋南北朝the Wei-Jin, Southern & Northern Dynasties periods
wèi jìn nán běi cháo
隋(581年-618年)Sui
suí ( 581 nián -618 nián )
唐(618年-907年)Tang
tánɡ ( 618 nián -907 nián )
宋(960年-1127年)Song
北宋 Northern Song
南宋 Southern Song
sònɡ ( 960 nián -1127 nián )
běi sònɡ
nán sònɡ
元(1271年建立)Yuan
yuán ( 1271 nián jiàn lì )
明(1368年-1644年)Ming
mínɡ ( 1368 nián -1644 nián )
清(1636年-1911年)Qing
qīnɡ ( 1636 nián -1911 nián )
3. 公元前841年,周平王东迁洛邑,中国有了准确纪年的开始
Accurate dating in China history began in 841BC, since the king Zhoupingwang moved the capital to Luoyi
ɡōnɡ yuán qián 841 nián ,zhōu pínɡ wánɡ dōnɡ qiān luò yì,zhōnɡ ɡuó yǒu le
zhǔn què jì nián de kāi shǐ
4. 秦朝是中国第一个封建统一的国家
The Qin Dynasty is the first Chinese feudal unified country
qín cháo shì zhōnɡ ɡuó dì yí ɡè fēnɡ jiàn tǒnɡ yī de ɡuó jiā
秦始皇统一中国Qin Shihuang unified China
qín shǐ huánɡ tǒnɡ yī zhōnɡ ɡuó
实行郡县制 Implementation of the system of prefectures and counties
shí xínɡ jùn xiàn zhì
统一文字、货币、度量衡
unified the characters、currency、weights and measures
tǒnɡ yī wén zì 、 huò bì 、 dù liánɡ hénɡ
5. 唐朝出现了中国历史上唯一的女皇帝:武则天
In Tang dynasty, the only female emperor in China history came out
tánɡ cháo chū xiàn le zhōnɡ ɡuó lì shǐ shànɡ wéi yī de nǚ huánɡ dì :wǔ zé tiān
6. 成吉思汗远征Gen Gi Khan expedition
chénɡ jí sī hán yuǎn zhēnɡ
7. 1912年,中华民国政府成立,孙中山当选第一任总统
In 1912, the government of the Republic of China was founded; Sun Zhongshan was elected the first president (Sun Yat-sen)
1912 nián, zhōnɡhuá mínɡuó zhènɡfǔ chénɡlì,sūn zhōnɡ shān dānɡxuǎn dìyí rèn
zǒnɡ tǒnɡ
8. 1949年10月1日,中华人民共和国成立
The People’s Republic of China was founded in Oct. 1, 1949
1949 nián 10 yuè 1 rì,zhōnɡ huá rén mín ɡònɡ hé ɡuó chénɡ lì
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三 姓氏文化 Surname Culture (sān xìnɡ shì wén huà)
1.“女”字旁
Ever thought why the Chinese character for surname is formed by a feminine character?
“ nǚ ” zì pánɡ
母系氏族社会 matriarchal society
mǔ xì shì zú shè hu
父系氏族社会 patriarchal society
fù xì shì zú shè huì
2.中国古人的姓名:姓、名、字、号,如唐朝诗人李白,姓李,名白,字太白,号青莲居士
The ancient Chinese name included 4 parts: family name, given name, zi and hao. For example, the famous poet in tang dynasty Libai, “li” is his family name, bai is his given name, and his zi is “taibai”, his “hao” is “qinglian jushi”.
(In ancient China, young man reaching the age of 20 and girls when they are going to marry, they will get a “biao zi4”. This is his or her formal name when they officially join the society. Literati and people who have a social position may have a “hao”.)
zhōnɡ ɡuó ɡǔ rén de xìnɡ mínɡ :xìnɡ、mínɡ 、zì 、hào ,rú tánɡ cháo shī rén Lǐbái ,xìnɡ lǐ ,mínɡ bái ,zì tài bái ,hào qīnɡ lián jū shì。
3.《百家姓》the book of family names.
李姓为最大姓 the surname “ li ” is the biggest surname in China now
《 bǎi jiā xìnɡ 》
lǐ xìnɡ wéi zuì dà xìnɡ
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四 文字 Chinese Characters
sì wén zì
1. 传说 legend
chuán shuō
(1)伏羲发明说 Fuxi invented Chinese characters
(2)神农创造说(教民稼穑,teaching people to sow and reap; 结绳记事 knotting note)
Shennong created Chinese characters
(3)皇帝史官仓颉造字说
Huang Di’s histographer Cangjie created the characters
( 1 ) fú xī fā mínɡ shuō
( 2 ) shén nónɡ chuànɡ zào shuō ( jiāo mín jià sè , jié shénɡ jì shì )
( 3 ) huánɡ dì shǐ ɡuān cānɡ jié zào zì shuō
2.汉字演变The evolution of Chinese characters
hàn zì yǎn biàn
(1)甲骨文inscriptions of oracle bones
jiǎ ɡǔ wén
(2)金文inscriptions on ancient bronze objects
jīn wén
(3)篆书seal character
大篆Big seal characters
小篆a style of calligraphy, adopted in the Qin Dynasty for the purpose of standardizing the script
zhuàn shū
dà zhuàn
xiǎo zhuàn
(4)隶书official script, an ancient style of calligraphy current in the Han Dynasty (206 B.C.-A.D.220)
lì shū
(5)楷书 standard script of handwriting
kǎi shū
(6)草书characters executed swiftly and with strokes flowing together
cǎo shū
(7)行书semi cursive script
xínɡ shū
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汉字结构 Construction of Characters (hàn zì jié ɡòu)
六书:the six categories of Chinese characters:
Self-explanatory characters, pictographs, pictophonetic characters, associative compounds, mutually explanatory characters and phonetic loan characters
liù shū
(1)象形 Pictographic characters or pictographs, e.g. 日 (sun) and 月 (moon)
xiànɡ xínɡ
(2)会意 Associative compounds
huì yì
(3) 指事 The indicative characters
zhǐ shì
(4)形声A pictographic element and a phonetic element combine to form a pictophonetic character
xínɡ shēnɡ
(5)转注Synonymous words
zhuǎn zhù
(6)假借Phonetic loan characters
jiǎ jiè
4. 繁体字和简体字
Traditional style and simplified style
fán tǐ zì hé jiǎn tǐ zì
五 诸子百家 The Hundred Schools of Thought
wǔ zhū zǐ bǎi jiā
先秦时代思想家 philosophers of the Pre-Qin Era
xiān qín shí dài sī xiǎnɡ jiā
1.儒家 Confucian
rú jiā
诗书礼乐 poetry and music
shī shū lǐ yuè
仁义礼智信
Benevolence\ Righteousness \manners, the practice of art\ wisdom\ credit
rén yì lǐ zhì xìn
修身齐家治国平天下
self-cultivating;family-regulating;state-ordering;The land great governed
xiū shēn \qí jiā \zhì ɡuó \pínɡ tiān xià
中庸 golden mean
zhōnɡ yōnɡ
积极入世 join the political affairs
jī jí rù shì
(1)孔子(公元前551年-前479年) 思想家、教育家
Confucius (ca.551 BC – 479 BC) philosopher, educator
kǒnɡ zǐ( ɡōnɡ yuán qián 551 nián – qián 479 nián )sī xiǎnɡ jiā 、jiào yù jiā
有教无类provide education for all people without discrimination
yǒu jiào wú lèi
弟子三千,贤者七十二人The three thousand disciples, sage seventy-two
dì zǐ sān qiān , xián zhě qī shí èr rén
仁:一切美德 “Ren”: Of all the virtues
rén : yì qiè měi dé
(2)孟子(约公元前385年-前304年),是孔子的孙子子思的学生
Mencius (ca. 385 BC – 304 BC), the student of Confucius’ grandson Zisi
mènɡ zǐ( yuē ɡōnɡ yuán qián 385 nián – qián 304 nián ) ,shì kǒnɡ zǐ de sūn zi zǐ sī de xué shenɡ
性善论theory of original goodness of human nature
xìnɡ shàn lùn
仁政 benevolent governance
rén zhènɡ
(3)荀子(约公元前313年-前238年)Xunzi (ca. 313 BC – 238 BC)
xún zǐ ( yuē ɡōnɡ yuán qián 313 nián – qián 238 nián )
性恶论 theory of original evil of human nature
xìnɡ è lùn
《劝学篇》,
强调后天教育的作用Stress the role of Education after birth
《 quàn xué piān 》 , qiánɡ diào hòu tiān jiào yù de zuò yònɡ
2.道家 Taoist
dào jiā
消极避世Negative masquerade
无为而治govern by doing nothing that goes against nature
顺乎天然 fallow the nature
xiāo jí bì shì
wú wéi ér zhì
shùn hū tiān rán
(1)老子(约公元前571年-前472年),Laozi (ca. 571 BC – 472 BC)
lǎo zi(yuē ɡōnɡ yuán qián 571 nián – qián 472 nián ),Laozi (ca. 571 BC – 472 BC)
无为而治govern by doing nothing that goes against nature
《道德经》[Dao De Jing] of Laozi
“道” Tao, the Way of Nature which cannot be given a name
wú wéi ér zhì
《 dào dé jīnɡ 》
“ dào ”
(2)庄子(约公元前369年-前286年)Zhuangzi (ca. 369 BC – 286 BC)
zhuānɡ zi ( yuē ɡōnɡ yuán qián 369 nián – qián 286 nián )
自然无为 calm and content himself of nature
无用之用 the great use of uselessness
zì rán wú wéi
wú yònɡ zhī yònɡ
相濡以沫,不如相忘于江湖
It should be better to forget each other than helping each other when both are in humble circumstances
xiānɡ rú yǐ mò , bù rú xiānɡ wànɡ yú jiānɡ hú
“子非鱼,安知鱼之乐?”
“子非我,安知我不知鱼之乐?”
–You are not the fish, how could you know its happiness?
–You are not me, how could you know that I don’t know the fish’s happiness?
“ zǐ fēi yú , ān zhī yú zhī lè ?
zǐ fēi wǒ , ān zhī wǒ bù zhī yú zhī lè ? ”
庄周梦蝴蝶 Zhuangzi dreamed the butterfly
zhuānɡ zhōu mènɡ hú dié
坐忘、修身养性 Period, self-cultivation
zuò wànɡ 、 xiū shēn yǎnɡ xìnɡ
3.墨家 moist
mò jiā
兼爱、非攻、非命 love\ no attack\no destiny
jiān ài 、 fēi ɡōnɡ 、 fēi mìnɡ
墨子(约公元前468年-前376年)Mozi (ca. 468 BC – 376 BC)
mò zǐ ( yuē ɡōnɡ yuán qián 468 nián – qián 376 nián )
4. 法家 Legalist school
fǎ jiā
法 law
术 tactics
势 power
fǎ
shù
shì
韩非子(约公元前280年-前233年)Han Feizi (ca. 280 BC – 233 BC)
hán fēi zǐ ( yuē ɡōnɡ yuán qián 280 nián – qián 233 nián )
5. 汉代经学Study of Confucian classics in Han Dynasty
hàn dài jīnɡ xué
魏晋玄学Metaphysics in the Wei and Jin Dynasties
wèi jìn xuán xué
宋明理学Song Ming Neo-Confucianism
sònɡ mínɡ lǐ xué
清代朴学The textology of the Qing Dynasty
qīnɡ dài pǔ xué
六 宗教信仰 Religious Belief
liù zōnɡ jiào xìn yǎnɡ
The main religions are Buddhism, Taoism, Islam, Catholicism and Protestantism.
1. 多神信仰 Polytheism
duō shén xìn yǎnɡ
2. 三大崇拜 Three worships
sān dà chónɡ bài
天地 heaven and earth
生之本the fundamental of existence
祖先 ancestors
类之本the fundamental of being a human
君师 kings and masters
治之本the fundamental of managing the country
tiān dì shēnɡ zhī běn
zǔ xiān lèi zhī běn
jūn shī zhì zhī běn
师:(文武)孔子和关公 masters, refer to Confucius and Guan Gong
shī : ( wén wǔ ) kǒnɡ zǐ hé ɡuān ɡōnɡ
图腾 totem
家祠 Ancestral temple, 帝王庙 imperial temple
tú ténɡ
jiā cí,dì wánɡ miào
3. 西汉末年,佛教传入中国 Buddhism was introduced into china at the end of The Western Han Dynasty
xī hàn mò nián , fó jiào chuán rù zhōnɡ ɡuó
《西游记》A journey to the West
《 xī yóu jì 》
4. 东汉中叶, 道教产生 Taoist appeared in the middle of the Eastern Han Dynasty
dōnɡ hàn zhōnɡ yè, dào jiào chǎn shēnɡ
民间信仰 folk belief
迷信 superstition
得道长生 immortality by great achievements in the Tao
炼金术alchemy
mín jiān xìn yǎnɡ
mí xìn
dé dào chánɡ shēnɡ
liàn jīn shù
5. 唐代, 伊斯兰教传入Islam was introduced into China in Tang Dynasty
tánɡ dài, yī sī lán jiào chuán rù
6. 唐贞观年间, 基督教传入 Christianity was introduced into China during the “Zhen Guan” period of Tang Dynasty
tánɡ zhēn ɡuān nián jiān, jī dū jiào chuán rù
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七 古代教育 Ancient Education (qī ɡǔ dài jiào yù)
1. 六艺 the six skills
礼:规章仪式 etiquette
乐:音乐舞蹈 dance and music
射:射箭shoot an arrow
御:骑马驾车horse riding and driving
书:历史 history
数:数学 math
liù yì
lǐ : ɡuī zhānɡ yí shì
yuè : yīn yuè wǔ dǎo
shè : shè jiàn
yù : qí mǎ jià chē
shū : lì shǐ
shù : shù xué
2. 大学之道,在明明德,在亲民,在止于至善。
The meaning of “The Great Learning” is in the family, in people, in the aim at absolute perfection
dà xué zhī dào , zài mínɡ mínɡ dé , zài qīn mín , zài zhǐ yú zhì shàn 。
3. 重农、重教 pay attention to agriculture and education
zhònɡ nónɡ 、 zhònɡ jiào
4. 科举取士imperial examination to select talents
kē jǔ qǔ shì
四书五经: [sì shū wǔ jīng]
The Four Books (The Great Learning, The Doctrine of the Mean, The Confucian Analects, and The Works of Mencius) and The Five Classics (The Book of Songs, The Book of History, The Book of Changes, The Book of Rites and The Spring and Autumn Annals)
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八 四大发明 The Four Great Inventions
bā sì dà fā mínɡ
1. 指南针 compass
指南针的原型是战国时期的司南,北宋有指南针的记载.
The prototype of the compass is the “Si Nan”(means pointing to south) in the warring states period, the compass is recorded in the documents written in the Northern Song Dynasty.
zhǐ nán zhēn
zhǐ nán zhēn de yuán xínɡ shì zhàn ɡuó shí qī de sī nán,běi sònɡ yǒu zhǐ nán
zhēn de jì zǎi.
2. 火药fire powder
发明于隋唐时期 the fire powder was invented during the Sui-Tang Dynasties period.
huǒ yào
fā mínɡ yú suí tánɡ shí qī
3. 造纸术paper-making
公元前2 世纪的西汉初年已经出现了纸,东汉蔡伦在公元105年改进造纸术,成功地造出了植物纤维纸。
As early as the 2nd Century BC, that was the beginning of the Western Han, the paper appeared. In the year 105 AD, Cai Lun,who lived in the Eastern Han, had improved the technology of making paper, and produced the plant fiber paper successfully.
zào zhǐ shù
ɡōnɡ yuán qián 2 shì jì de xī hàn chū nián yǐ jīnɡ chū xiàn le zhǐ,dōnɡ hàn
cài lún zài ɡōnɡ yuán 105 nián ɡǎi jìn zào zhǐ shù,chénɡ ɡōnɡ de zào chū le
zhí wù xiān wéi zhǐ 。
4. 活字印刷术movable type printing
活字印刷书源于隋朝时候的雕版印刷,北宋毕升在公元1004年至1048年间发明了胶泥活字印刷术
The movable type printing was originated from the block printing of Sui Dynasty. Bi Sheng, who lived in the Northern Song, first invented movable type printing between years 1004-1048.
huó zì yìn shuā shù
huó zì yìn shuā shù yuán yú suí cháo shí hou de diāo bǎn yìn shuā,běi sònɡ bì
shēnɡ zài ɡōnɡ yuán 1004 nián zhì 1048 nián jiān fā mínɡ le jiāo ní huó zì
yìn shuā shù。
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九 传统习俗 Traditional Customs
jiǔ chuán tǒnɡ xí sú
1.十二生肖 12 zodiac symbols
shí èr shēnɡ xiāo
鼠 牛 虎
Rat 1984年 Ox 1985年 Tiger 1986年
兔 龙 蛇
Rabbit 1987年 Dragon 1988年 Snake 1989年
马 羊 猴
Horse 1990年 Goat 1991年 Monkey 1992年
鸡 狗 猪
Rooster 1993年 Dog 1994年 Pig 1995年
shǔ niú hǔ
tù lónɡ shé
mǎ yánɡ hóu
jī ɡǒu zhū
2. 吉祥物 mascot
jí xiánɡ wù
龙 dragon,lónɡ
凤 phoenix,fènɡ
龟 turtle,ɡuī
麟 kylin, unicorn
鹿身、牛尾、鱼鳞、独角,象征和平和美德
Kylin is an animal created by imagination, with deer body, ox tail, fish scales and a unicorn, unicorn is the symbol of peace and virtue.
lín
lù shēn 、 niú wěi 、 yú lín 、 dú jiǎo , xiànɡ zhēnɡ hé pínɡ hé měi dé
3. 颜色:红黄为尊,黑白为贬
Red and yellow colors are respected colors, while black and white are not good ones.
According to the Chinese tradition and customs, civil activities must use a cheerful red color.
yán sè : hónɡ huánɡ wéi zūn , hēi bái wéi biǎn
五行对应的颜色
金——白色 white color 木——青色 green color
水——黑色 black color 火——赤色 red color
土——黄色 yellow color
wǔ xínɡ duì yìnɡ de yán sè
jīn — bái sè mù — qīnɡ sè
shuǐ — hēi sè huǒ — chì sè
tǔ — huánɡ sè
4. 方位:东、南为尊 east and south are the respected directions
fānɡ wèi : dōnɡ 、 nán wéi zūn
5. 五行 the five elements
金 木 水 火 土
Metal、wood、water、fire、earth
wǔ xínɡ
jīn mù shuǐ huǒ tǔ
五行对应的数理
金——一 one 木——二 two
水——三 three 火——四 four
土——五 five
wǔ xínɡ duì yìnɡ de shù lǐ
jīn — yī mù — èr
shuǐ — sān huǒ — sì
tǔ — wǔ
五行对应的方向
金——西方 west 木——东方 east
水——北方 north 火——南方 south
土——中央 middle
wǔ xínɡ duì yìnɡ de fānɡ xiànɡ
jīn — xī fānɡ mù — dōnɡ fānɡ
shuǐ — běi fānɡ huǒ — nán fānɡ
tǔ — zhōnɡ yānɡ
五行对应的天气
金——燥 dry 木——风 windy
水——寒 cold 火——暑 hot
土——湿 wet
wǔ xínɡ duì yìnɡ de tiān qì
jīn — zào mù — fēnɡ
shuǐ — hán huǒ — shǔ
tǔ – shī
五行相生相克 mutual promotion and restraint between the five elements
wǔ xínɡ xiānɡ shēnɡ xiānɡ kè
.
五行和阴阳的关系 relationship between “Yin”& “Yang” and the five elements
水:太阴极限状态 water: status of limit of “Tai Yin”
木:阴消阳长状态 wood: status of “Yin declining when Yang growing”
火:太阳极限状态fire: status of limit of “Tai Yang”
土:阴阳平衡状态 earth: status of balance between “Yin” and “Yang”
金:阳消阴长状态 metal: status of “Yang declining when Yin growing”
wǔ xínɡ hé yīn yánɡ de ɡuān xi
shuǐ : tài yīn jí xiàn zhuànɡ tài
mù : yīn xiāo yánɡ zhǎnɡ zhuànɡ tài
huǒ : tài yánɡ jí xiàn zhuànɡ tài
tǔ : yīn yánɡ pínɡ hénɡ zhuànɡ tài
jīn : yánɡ xiāo yīn zhǎnɡ zhuànɡ tài
五行与时辰
时辰是中国古代的一种计时方法,24小时共分为12个时辰,从晚上11点开始,与12属相相对应:
“Shichen” is one kind of Chinese ancient time method, 24 hours are divided into 12 shichen, starts from 11 p.m., and each shichen is corresponding to one sign of the zodiac.
wǔ xínɡ yǔ shí chén
shí chén shì zhōnɡ ɡuó ɡǔ dài de yì zhǒnɡ jì shí fānɡ fǎ,24 xiǎo shí ɡònɡ fēn
wéi 12 ɡè shí chén,cónɡ wǎn shɑnɡ 11 diǎn kāi shǐ,yǔ 12 shǔ xiànɡ xiānɡ duì
yìnɡ :
十二时辰:子、丑、寅、卯、辰、巳、午、未、申、酉、戌、亥;
12 shichen: zi, chou, yin, mao, chen, si, wu, wei, shen, you, xu, hai.
shí èr shí chén : zǐ 、 chǒu 、 yín 、 mǎo 、 chén 、 sì 、 wǔ 、 wèi 、 shēn 、 yǒu 、 xū 、 hài ;
按五行来说: According to the five elements,
àn wǔ xínɡ lái shuō :
寅、卯、辰属木,主宰春季,代表东方;
yin\mao\chen belong to wood, dominate spring, and stand for the east;
yín 、 mǎo 、 chén shǔ mù , zhǔ zǎi chūn jì , dài biǎo dōnɡ fānɡ ;
巳、午、未属火,主宰夏季,代表南方;
si\wu\wei belong to fire, dominate summer, and stand for the south;
sì 、 wǔ 、 wèi shǔ huǒ , zhǔ zǎi xià jì , dài biǎo nán fānɡ ;
申、酉、戊属金,主宰秋季,代表西方;
shen\you\xu belong to metal, dominate autumn, and stand for the west;
shēn 、 yǒu 、 wù shǔ jīn , zhǔ zǎi qiū jì , dài biǎo xī fānɡ ;
亥、子、丑属水,主宰冬季,代表北方;
hai\zi\chou belong to water, dominate winter, and stand for the north.
hài 、 zǐ 、 chǒu shǔ shuǐ , zhǔ zǎi dōnɡ jì , dài biǎo běi fānɡ ;
辰、未、戌、丑单个而言都属土,代表中方,主宰四季最后一个月。
Individually, chen\wei\xu\chou belong to earth, stand for center, and dominate the last month of the year
chén、wèi、xū、chǒu dān ɡè ér yán dōu shǔ tǔ,dài biǎo zhōnɡ fānɡ,zhǔ zǎi sì
jì zuì hòu yí ɡè yuè 。
~
十 传统节日 Traditional Festivals (shí chuán tǒnɡ jié rì)
1. 24节气,根据农事活动制定 The 24 Solar Terms, according to agricultural production
24 jié qi , ɡēn jù nónɡ shì huó dònɡ zhì dìnɡ
立春 Spring begins. lì chūn
雨水 The rains. yǔ shuǐ
惊蛰 Insects awaken. jīnɡ zhé
春分 Vernal Equinox. chūn fēn
清明 Clear and bright. qīnɡ mínɡ
谷雨 Grain rain. ɡǔ yǔ
立夏 Summer begins. lì xià
小满 Grain buds. xiǎo mǎn
芒种 Grain in ear. mánɡ zhǒnɡ
夏至 Summer solstice. xià zhì
小暑 Slight heat. xiǎo shǔ
大暑 Great heat. dà shǔ
立秋 Autumn begins. lì qiū
处暑 Stopping the heat. chǔ shǔ
白露 White dews. bái lù
秋分 Autumn Equinox. qiū fēn
寒露 Cold dews. hán lù
霜降 Hoar-frost falls. shuānɡ jiànɡ
立冬 Winter begins. lì dōnɡ
小雪 Light snow. xiǎo xuě
大雪 Heavy snow. dà xuě
冬至 Winter Solstice. dōnɡ zhì
小寒 Slight cold. xiǎo hán
大寒 Great cold. dà hán
2.传统节日
(1)春节 the Spring Festival ( New Year’s Day of the Chinese lunar calendar) 农历正月初一 1st of the first month of the lunar year
chuán tǒnɡ jié rì
chūn jié, nónɡ lì zhēnɡ yuè chū yī
(2)元宵节(灯节) the Lantern Festival
农历正月十五15th of the first month of the lunar year
yuán xiāo jié ( dēnɡ jié ) ,nónɡ lì zhēnɡ yuè shí wǔ
(3)清明节 the Qing Ming Festival
四月五日前后about 5th of April of the lunar year
qīnɡ mínɡ jié ,sì yuè wǔ rì qián hòu
(4)端午节 the Dragon-Boat Festival
农历五月初五 5th of May of the lunar year
duān wǔ jié ,nónɡ lì wǔ yuè chū wǔ
(5)中秋节 the Mid-Autumn Festival(the Moon Festival)
农历八月十五15th of August of the lunar year
zhōnɡ qiū jié ,nónɡ lì bá yuè shí wǔ
(6)重阳节 the Double Ninth Festival
农历九月初九9th of September of the lunar year
chónɡ yánɡ jié ,nónɡ lì jiǔ yuè chū jiǔ
(7)除夕New Year’s Eve
农历十二月三十日the last eve of the lunar year
chú xī,nónɡ lì shí èr yuè sān shí rì
.
十一 中医 Chinese Medicine (shí yī zhōnɡ yī)
1.医药 Chinese herbal medicine
yī yào
2.针灸 acupuncture
经络 acupuncture channels
穴位 acupuncture points
zhēn jiǔ
jīnɡ luò
xué wèi
3. 中医和五行的关系 relationship between Chinese medicine and the five elements
五行对应的身体部位 five elements with different boby parts
zhōnɡ yī hé wǔ xínɡ de ɡuān xi
wǔ xínɡ duì yìnɡ de shēn tǐ bù wèi
金——皮、鼻孔、肺脏、大肠。 Metal-skin, nose, lungs,big intestinal
木——筋、眼睛、肝、胆。 Wood-band, eye, liver, gall
水——骨、耳朵、肾脏、膀胱。 Water-bone, ear, kidney, bladder
火——脉、舌头、心脏、小肠。 Fire-pulse, tongue, heart, small intestine
土——肉、嘴巴、脾脏、胃。 Earth-meat, mouth, spleen, stomach
jīn — pí 、 bí kǒnɡ 、 fèi zànɡ 、 dà chánɡ 。
mù — jīn 、 yǎn jinɡ 、 ɡān 、 dǎn 。
shuǐ — ɡǔ 、 ěr duo 、 shèn zànɡ 、 pánɡ ɡuānɡ 。
huǒ — mài 、 shé tou 、 xīn zànɡ 、 xiǎo chánɡ 。
tǔ — ròu 、 zuǐ bɑ 、 pí zànɡ、 wèi 。
The five elements (metal, wood, water, fire and earth, held by the ancients to compose the physical universe and later used in traditional Chinese medicine to explain various physiological and pathological phenomena)
十二 天干地支纪年法 Heavenly Stems and Earthly Branches Calendar (shí èr tiān ɡān dì zhī jì nián fǎ)
1.十天干:10 Heavenly stems
shí tiān ɡān
甲(jiǎ)、乙(yǐ)、丙(bǐng)、丁(dīng)、戊(wù)、
己(jǐ)、庚(gēng)、辛(xīn)、壬(rén)、癸(guǐ);
其中甲、丙、戊、庚、壬为阳干,乙、丁、己、辛、癸为阴干。
Jia\bing\wu\geng\ren are“Yang”stems; while yi\ding\ji\xin\gui are “Yin”stems
qí zhōnɡ jiǎ、bǐnɡ、wù、ɡēnɡ、rén wéi yánɡ ɡān ,yǐ、dīnɡ、jǐ、xīn 、ɡuǐ wéi
yīn ɡān 。
2.十二地支:12 Earthly Branches
shí èr dì zhī
子(zǐ)、丑(chǒu)、寅(yín)、卯(mǎo)、辰(chén)、巳(sì)、
午(wǔ)、未(wèi)、申(shēn)、酉(yǒu)、戌(xū)、亥(hài)。
其中子、寅、辰、午、申、戌为阳支,丑、卯、巳、未、酉、亥为阴支.
Zi\yin\chen\wu\shen\xu are “Yang”branches, while chou\mao\si\wei\you\hai are “Yin”branches.
qí zhōnɡ zǐ 、 yín 、 chén 、 wǔ 、 shēn 、 xū wéi yánɡ zhī , chǒu 、 mǎo 、sì 、 wèi 、 yǒu 、 hài wéi yīn zhī.
(注:十二地支对应十二生肖——子:鼠;丑:牛;寅:虎;卯:兔;辰:龙;巳:蛇; 午:马;未:羊;申:猴;酉:鸡;戌:狗;亥:猪。)
( zhù : shí èr dì zhī duì yìnɡ shí èr shēnɡ xiāo — zǐ : shǔ ; chǒu : niú ; yín : hǔ ; mǎo : tù ; chén : lónɡ ; sì : shé ; wǔ : mǎ ; wèi: yánɡ ; shēn : hóu ; yǒu : jī ; xū : ɡǒu ; hài : zhū 。 )
天干地支纪年:Heavenly stems and Earthly Branches calendar
tiān ɡān dì zhī jì nián
六十甲子 |
|
天干地支产生在炎黄时期,天干地支纪年法以立春作为一年的开始而不是以农历正月初一。
Heavenly stems and Earthly Branches originated during the “Yan Di” and “Huang Di” period, the beginning of the year is “li chun” (Spring Begins), not the first day of the first month in lunar calendar.
tiān ɡān dì zhī chǎn shēnɡ zài yán huánɡ shí qī,tiān ɡān dì zhī jì nián fǎ yǐ lì chūn zuò wéi yì nián de kāi shǐ ér bú shì yǐ nónɡ lì zhēnɡ yuè chū yī 。
天干地支简称“干支”。“辞源”里说,“干支”取义于树木的“干枝”。
“Ganzhi” is shot of “Heavenly stems and Earthly Branches ”. According to the ancient dictionary 《Ci Yuan》, “Ganzhi” means the stem and branch of the tree.
tiān ɡān dì zhī jiǎn chēnɡ“ɡān zhī” 。“cí yuán” lǐ shuō ,“ɡān zhī”qǔ yì yú
shù mù de “ ɡān zhī ” 。
3.生肖对应的时辰:Hours according to the zodiac (one Chinese hour has 120 mins.)
子(鼠)时(23点~01点) 丑(牛)时(01点~03点)
寅(虎)时(03点~05点) 卯(兔)时(05点~07点)
辰(龙)时(07点~09点) 巳(蛇)时(09点~11点)
午(马)时(11点~13点) 未(羊)时(13点~15点)
申(猴)时(15点~17点) 酉(鸡)时(17点~19点)
戌(狗)时(19点~21点) 亥(猪)时(21点~23点)
shēnɡ xiāo duì yìnɡ de shí chén :
zǐ(shǔ)shí(23 diǎn ~01 diǎn) chǒu(niú)shí(01 diǎn ~03 diǎn)
yín(hǔ)shí(03 diǎn ~05 diǎn) mǎo(tù)shí(05 diǎn ~07 diǎn)
chén(lónɡ)shí(07 diǎn ~09 diǎn) sì(shé)shí(09 diǎn ~11 diǎn)
wǔ(mǎ)shí(11 diǎn ~13 diǎn) wèi(yánɡ)shí(13 diǎn ~15 diǎn)
shēn(hóu)shí(15 diǎn ~17 diǎn) yǒu(jī)shí(17 diǎn ~19 diǎn)
xū(ɡǒu)shí(19 diǎn ~21 diǎn) hài(zhū)shí(21 diǎn ~23 diǎn)
~
十三 八卦 The Eight Trigrams (shí sān bā ɡuà)
八卦源于中国古代对基本的宇宙生成、相应日月的地球自转(阴阳)关系、农业社会和人生哲学互相结合的观念。最原始资料来源为西周的易经,内容有六十四卦,但没有图像。《易传》记录“易有太极,是生两仪。两仪生四象,四象生八卦。”故近代考证认为所谓太极即宇宙,两仪指天地,四象就是四季天象;如长日照的夏季称太阳,短日照的冬季称太阴,春是少阳,秋是少阴,而八卦再分三爻,自然是指廿四节气。表面上“太极八卦图”明显是指地球自转一周年而复始。
The eight trigrams originated from ancient Chinese ideas about basic universe formation, corresponding to the rotation of the earth ( Yin and Yang ), agricultural society and philosophy of life combine with each other. The source material is from the book《Yi Jing》of the Western Zhou Dynasty, there are sixty-four trigrams, but no image. It has record as “Yi has Tai ji, tai ji produces two ‘yi’, two yi produces
Four ‘xiang’, and four ‘xiang’ produces eight‘gua’”.The modern textual criticism that the so-called Taiji is the cosmic, “liang yi” means heaven and earth, and “si xiang” is the images of four seasons, e.g. long sunshine summer called “tai yang”, while short-day winter called “tai yin”. Spring is lesser yang, while autumn is the lesser Yin. Each trigram is divided into three lines, absolutely means the 24 solar terms. On the surface, the “Taiji nosy map” obviously refers to the rotation of the earth then goes round and begins again.
bā ɡuà yuán yú zhōnɡ ɡuó ɡǔ dài duì jī běn de yǔ zhòu shēnɡ chénɡ、xiānɡ
yīnɡ rì yuè de dì qiú zì zhuàn ( yīn yánɡ ) ɡuān xi 、 nónɡ yè shè huì hé
rén shēnɡ zhé xué hù xiānɡ jié hé de ɡuān niàn 。 zuì yuán shǐ zī liào lái
yuán wéi xī zhōu de yì jīnɡ , nèi rónɡ yǒu liù shí sì ɡuà , dàn méi yǒu tú
xiànɡ 。《yì zhuàn 》 jì lù “ yì yǒu tài jí , shì shēnɡ liǎnɡ yí 。 liǎnɡ yí
shēnɡ sì xiànɡ, sì xiànɡ shēnɡ bā ɡuà 。 ” ɡù jìn dài kǎo zhènɡ rèn wéi suǒ
wèi tài jí jí yǔ zhòu , liǎnɡ yí zhǐ tiān dì , sì xiànɡ jiù shì sì jì tiān
xiànɡ ; rú chánɡ rì zhào de xià jì chēnɡ tài yánɡ , duǎn rì zhào de dōnɡ
jì chēnɡ tài yīn ,chūn shì shào yánɡ , qiū shì shào yīn , ér bā ɡuà zài
fēn sān yáo , zì rán shì zhǐ niàn sì jié qi 。 biǎo miàn shànɡ “ tài jí bā
ɡuà tú ” mínɡ xiǎn shì zhǐ dì qiú zì zhuàn yì zhōu nián ér fù shǐ 。
.
太极图:白上黑下,顺时针方向
Tai Chi diagram: white’s up and black’s down, a clockwise direction
tài jí tú : bái shànɡ hēi xià , shùn shí zhēn fānɡ xiànɡ
.
太极八卦图
Taiji nosy map
The Eight Trigrams (eight combinations of three whole or broken lines formerly used in divination)
tài jí bā ɡuà tú
八卦代表八种基本物象: 乾为天, 坤为地, 震为雷, 巽为风, 艮为山, 兑为泽, 坎为水, 离为火, 总称为经卦, 由八个经卦中的两个为一组的排列, 则构成六十四卦。
The eight trigrams represent eight basic forms: qian-heaven, Kun-earth, zhen-thunder,xun-wind,gen-hill,dui-swamp,kan-water,li-fire. Arbitrary combinations of two of the eight trigrams form the sixty-four trigrams.
bā ɡuà dài biǎo bā zhǒnɡ jī běn wù xiànɡ : qián wéi tiān, kūn wéi dì, zhèn
wéi léi, xùn wéi fēnɡ, ɡèn wéi shān, duì wéi zé, kǎn wéi shuǐ, lí wéi huǒ,
zǒnɡ chēnɡ wéi jīnɡ ɡuà, yóu bā ɡè jīnɡ ɡuà zhōnɡ de liǎnɡ ɡè wéi yì zǔ de pái liè, zé ɡòu chénɡ liù shí sì ɡuà 。
八卦所对应的五行 the eight trigrams corresponds to the five elements:
金-乾、兑; 乾为天,兑为泽 jin—qian\dui, qian is heaven, dui is swamp;
木-震、巽; 震为雷,巽为风 mu—zhen\xun, zhen is thunder,xun is wind;
土-坤、艮; 坤为地,艮为山 tu—kun\gen, kun is earth,gen is hill;
水-坎; 坎为水(月亮) shui—kan, kan is water(moon);
火-离; 离为火(太阳) huo—li, li is fire(sun).
bā ɡuà suǒ duì yìnɡ de wǔ xínɡ
jīn – qián 、 duì ; qián wéi tiān , duì wéi zé
mù – zhèn 、 xùn ;zhèn wéi léi , xùn wéi fēnɡ
tǔ – kūn 、 ɡèn ; kūn wéi dì , ɡèn wéi shān
shuǐ – kǎn; kǎn wéi shuǐ ( yuè liɑnɡ )
huǒ – lí;lí wéi huǒ ( tài yánɡ )
八卦分割 eight trigrams segmentation
bā ɡuà fēn ɡē
八卦: 乾 兑 离 震 巽 坎 艮 坤
Eight trigrams: qian\ dui\ li\ zhen\ xun\ kan\ gen\ kun
bā ɡuà : qián duì lí zhèn xùn kǎn ɡèn kūn
四象: 太阳 少阴 少阳 太阴
Four “xiang”: Full Yang\ Lesser Yin\ Lesser Yang\ Full Yin
sì xiànɡ : tài yánɡ shào yīn shào yánɡ tài yīn
两仪: 阳 阴
Two “Yi”: Yang\Yin
liǎnɡ yí : yánɡ yīn
卦名 |
自然 |
特性 |
家人 |
肢体 |
动物 |
方位 |
季节 |
阴阳 |
五行 |
乾 |
天 |
健 |
父 |
首 |
马 |
西北 |
秋冬间 |
阳 |
金 |
兑 |
泽 |
悦 |
少女 |
口 |
羊 |
西 |
秋 |
阴 |
金 |
离 |
火 |
丽 |
中女 |
目 |
雉 |
南 |
夏 |
阴 |
火 |
震 |
雷 |
动 |
长男 |
足 |
龙 |
东 |
春 |
阳 |
木 |
巽 |
风 |
入 |
长女 |
股 |
鸡 |
东南 |
春夏间 |
阴 |
木 |
坎 |
水 |
陷 |
中男 |
耳 |
猪 |
北 |
冬 |
阳 |
水 |
艮 |
山 |
止 |
少男 |
手 |
狗 |
东北 |
冬春间 |
阳 |
土 |
坤 |
地 |
顺 |
母 |
腹 |
牛 |
西南 |
夏秋间 |
阴 |
土 |
~
十四 饮食文化 Food Culture (shí sì yǐn shí wén huà)
1. 中华美食的特点The characteristics of Chinese food
zhōnɡ huá měi shí de tè diǎn
风味多样 Flavor variety
四季有别 different from seasons
讲究美感Pay attention to beauty
注重情趣Focus on taste
食医结合Food and medicine are closely linked
fēnɡ wèi duō yànɡ
sì jì yǒu bié
jiǎnɡ jiū měi ɡǎn
zhù zhònɡ qínɡ qù
shí yī jié hé
2. 八大菜系Eight cuisines
川、粤、苏、闽、浙、湘、徽、鲁
The “eight big cuisines of china”:
Sichuan, Guangdong, Suzhou, Fujian, Zhejiang, Zhejiang, Hunan, Anhui, Shandong cuisines
bā dà cài xì
chuān 、 yuè 、 sū 、 mǐn 、 zhè 、 xiānɡ 、 huī 、 lǔ
饮食中心
北方饮食中心:北京
西南饮食中心:有“食在中国,味在成都”称号的成都
西北饮食中心: 西安
东部饮食中心:有“天下美食之都”称号的苏州
南部饮食中心:有“食在广州”称号的广州
Food center:
North Food Center: Beijing
Southwest Food Center: “eat in China, the taste in Chengdu”, Chengdu
Northwest Food Center: Xi’an
Eastern Food Center: “the food capital of world”, Suzhou
Southern Food Center: “eating in Guangzhou”, Guangzhou
yǐn shí zhōnɡ xīn :
běi fānɡ yǐn shí zhōnɡ xīn :běi jīnɡ
xī nán yǐn shí zhōnɡ xīn:yǒu“shí zài zhōnɡ ɡuó ,wèi zài chénɡ dū”chēnɡ hào de chénɡ dū
xī běi yǐn shí zhōnɡ xīn : xī ān
dōnɡ bù yǐn shí zhōnɡ xīn :yǒu“tiān xià měi shí zhī dū”chēnɡ hào de sū zhōu
nán bù yǐn shí zhōnɡ xīn :yǒu “shí zài ɡuǎnɡ zhōu”chēnɡ hào de ɡuǎnɡ zhōu
3. 神奇的筷子Magical chopsticks (shén qí de kuài zi)
筷子,可谓是中国国粹。既轻巧又灵活,在世界各国餐具中独树一帜,被西方人誉为“东方的文明”。中国使用筷子历史可追溯到商代,至少有三千多年的用筷历史。先秦时期称筷子为“挟”,秦汉时期叫“箸”。古人十分讲究忌讳,因“箸”与“住”字谐音,“住”有停止之意,乃不吉利之语,所以就反其意而称之为“筷”。这就是筷子名称的由来。它是反应中国饮食文化的重要组成特色部分。筷子看起来只是非常简单的两根小细棒,但它有挑、拨、夹、拌、扒等功能,且使用方便,价廉物美。筷子也是当今世界上一种独特的餐具。
Chopsticks, it may be said is the quintessence of China. Lightweight and flexible,chopsticks is unique among all table wares of the world. It’s regarded as the “Oriental civilization” by the West. The history of using chopsticks could be traced back to the Shang Dynasty, at least three thousand years. Chopsticks are called as “Jia” during the pre-Qin period. Later in Qin and Han dynasties chopsticks is known as “Zhu”, because “chopsticks” sounds like the word “live”, “live” means stop, which is an unlucky word, so people oppose its idea and make it known as “kuai”(means fast).This is the origin of chopsticks. It is an important component feature of the Chinese diet culture. Chopsticks look very simple with two small sticks, but it has many functions such as pick, clip, mix, grill and others, and it is both convenient and cheap. Chopsticks are unique tableware in today’s world.
kuài zi,kě wèi shì zhōnɡ ɡuó ɡuó cuì。jì qīnɡ qiǎo yòu línɡ huó,zài shì jiè
ɡè ɡuó cān jù zhōnɡ dú shù yí zhì,bèi xī fānɡ rén yù wéi“dōnɡ fānɡ de wén
mínɡ”。zhōnɡ ɡuó shǐ yònɡ kuài zi lì shǐ kě zhuī sù dào shānɡ dài,zhì shǎo yǒu
sān qiān duō nián de yònɡ kuài lì shǐ。xiān qín shí qī chēnɡ kuài zi wéi“jiā”,qín hàn shí qī jiào“zhù”。ɡǔ rén shí fēn jiǎnɡ jiū jì huì,yīn“zhù”yǔ“zhù”
zì xié yīn ,“zhù”yǒu tínɡ zhǐ zhī yì,nǎi bù jí lì zhī yǔ,suǒ yǐ jiù fǎn qí
yì ér chēnɡ zhī wéi“kuài”。zhè jiù shì kuài zi mínɡ chēnɡ de yóu lái。tā shì
fǎn yìnɡ zhōnɡ ɡuó yǐn shí wén huà de zhònɡ yào zǔ chénɡ tè sè bù fen。kuài zi
kàn qǐ lái zhǐ shì fēi chánɡ jiǎn dān de liǎnɡ ɡēn xiǎo xì bànɡ,dàn tā yǒu
tiāo、bō、jiá、bàn、bā děnɡ ɡōnɡ nénɡ,qiě shǐ yònɡ fānɡ biàn,jià lián wù měi。 kuài zi yě shì dānɡ jīn shì jiè shànɡ yì zhǒnɡ dú tè de cān jù。
4. 餐桌礼仪Table manners
cān zhuō lǐ yí
第一,入座的礼仪。先请客人和长者入座。入座时要从椅子左边进入,入座后不要动筷子,更不要弄出什么响声来,也不要起身走动。如果有什么事要向主人打招呼。
First, table manners. Ask the guests or elders to take seats first. When take the seat, take it from the left side, and don’t move chopsticks as soon as you sit down. Don’t make any noise, also do not rise and move. If you have anything to do, just tell the host.
dì yī,rù zuò de lǐ yí。xiān qǐnɡ kè rén hé zhǎnɡ zhě rù zuò。rù zuò shí yào
cónɡ yǐ zi zuǒ biɑn jìn rù,rù zuò hòu bú yào dònɡ kuài zi,ɡènɡ bú yào nònɡ
chū shén me xiǎnɡ shēnɡ lái,yě bú yào qǐ shēn zǒu dònɡ。rú ɡuǒ yǒu shén me shì
yào xiànɡ zhǔ rén dǎ zhāo hu。
第二,进餐时。先请客人、长者动筷子。喝汤时不要出声响。使劲咀嚼脆食物发出很清晰的声音,这种做法是不合礼仪要求的。
Second, when eating, invite the guests or elders to move chopsticks first. Don’t make noises when drinking soup. Some people like chewing food and making clear crisp sound, this is not required by etiquette.
dì èr,jìn cān shí。xiān qǐnɡ kè rén、zhǎnɡ zhě dònɡ kuài zi。hē tānɡ shí bú
yào chū shēnɡ xiǎnɡ。shǐ jìn jǔ jué cuì shí wù fā chū hěn qīnɡ xī de shēnɡ yīn, zhè zhǒnɡ zuò fǎ shì bù hé lǐ yí yāo qiú de。
第三,进餐时不要打嗝,也不要出现其他声音。如果出现打喷嚏等不由自主的声响时,就要说一声“真不好意思”、“对不起”、“请原凉”之类的话以示歉意。
Third, when eating, don’t burp, also don’t make other voices. If sneezingand other phenomenons, should say “sorry” or “please forgive me”.
dì sān,jìn cān shí bú yào dǎ ɡé,yě bú yào chū xiàn qí tā shēnɡ yīn。rú ɡuǒ
chū xiàn dǎ pēn tì děnɡ bù yóu zì zhǔ de shēnɡ xiǎnɡ shí,jiù yào shuō yī shēnɡ“zhēn bù hǎo yì si”、“duì bù qǐ”、“qǐnɡ yuán liánɡ” zhī lèi de huà yǐ shì
qiàn yì 。
第四,如果要给客人或长辈布菜,最好用公筷,也可以把离客人或长辈远的菜肴送到他们跟前。按我们中华民族的习惯,菜是一个一个往上端的。如果同桌有领导、老人、客人的话,每当上来一个新菜时就请他们先动筷子,或着轮流请他们先动筷子,以表示对他们的重视。
Fourth, if you want to give the guests or elders food, best use serving chopsticks, and also can put dishes in front of them who sit far away. According to Chinese custom, food should be put on the table one after another. you should let the leaders,elders, guests to move chopsticks first, or invite them to move chopsticks alternately, to show your attention.
dì sì,rú ɡuǒ yào ɡěi kè rén huò zhǎnɡ bèi bù cài,zuì hǎo yònɡ ɡōnɡ kuài,yě
kě yǐ bǎ lí kè rén huò zhǎnɡ bèi yuǎn de cài yáo sònɡ dào tā men ɡēn qián。àn
wǒ men zhōnɡ huá mín zú de xí ɡuàn,cài shì yí ɡè yí ɡè wǎnɡ shànɡ duān de。rú
ɡuǒ tónɡ zhuō yǒu lǐnɡ dǎo、lǎo rén、kè rén de huà,měi dānɡ shànɡ lái yí ɡè
xīn cài shí jiù qǐnɡ tā men xiān dònɡ kuài zi,huò zhe lún liú qǐnɡ tā men
xiān dònɡ kuài zi,yǐ biǎo shì duì tā men de zhònɡ shì。
第五,吃到鱼头、鱼刺、骨头等物时,不要往外面吐,也不要往地上扔,要慢慢用手拿到自己的碟子里,或放在紧靠自己餐桌边或放在事先准备好的纸上。
Fifth, when eat fish bone and other such things, don’t spit it outside, don’t throw it to the floor, take it slowly by hand and put it in your dish, or place it on the prepared paper close to your seat.
dì wǔ,chī dào yú tóu、yú cì、ɡǔ tou děnɡ wù shí,bú yào wǎnɡ wài miàn tǔ,yě
bú yào wǎnɡ dì shànɡ rēnɡ,yào màn màn yònɡ shǒu ná dào zì jǐ de dié zi lǐ,huò
fànɡ zài jǐn kào zì jǐ cān zhuō biān huò fànɡ zài shì xiān zhǔn bèi hǎo de zhǐ
shànɡ 。
第六,要适时地抽空和左右的人聊几句风趣的话以调和气氛。不要狼吞虎咽地大吃一顿,更不要贪杯。
Sixth, talk with people who sit next to you in order to make a harmonious atmosphere. Don’t eat like wolves and tigers, don’t drink too much.
dì liù,yào shì shí de chōu kònɡ hé zuǒ yòu de rén liáo jǐ jù fēnɡ qù de huà yǐ
tiáo hé qì fēn。bú yào lánɡ tūn hǔ yān dì dà chī yí dùn,ɡènɡ bú yào tān bēi 。
第七,最好不要在餐桌上剔牙。如果要剔牙时,就要用餐巾或手挡住自己的嘴巴。
Seventh, best not pick your teeth at the table. If you want to pick your teeth, should use your hand or a napkin to cover mouth.
dì qī,zuì hǎo bú yào zài cān zhuō shànɡ tì yá。rú ɡuǒ yào tì yá shí,jiù yào
yònɡ cān jīn huò shǒu dǎnɡ zhù zì jǐ de zuǐ bɑ 。
第八,要明确此次进餐的主要任务。要明确以谈生意为主,还是以联络感情为主,或是以吃饭为主。如果是前者,在安排座位时就要注意,把主要谈判人的座位相互靠近便于交谈或疏通情感。如果是后者,只需要注意一下常识性的礼节就行了,把重点放在欣赏菜肴上。
Eighth, make clear the main task of this meal. To make clear the main task is to talk about the business, or to contact the feelings, or to eat mainly. If the former, must pay attention to the seating arrangements, the chief negotiators’ seats should be close to each other in order to talk or dredge emotion. If it is the latter, then only need to pay attention to common courtesy, focus on enjoying the dishes.
dì bā,yào mínɡ què cǐ cì jìn cān de zhǔ yào rèn wù。yào mínɡ què yǐ tán shēnɡ yi wéi zhǔ,hái shì yǐ lián luò ɡǎn qínɡ wéi zhǔ,huò shì yǐ chī fàn wéi zhǔ。rú
ɡuǒ shì qián zhě,zài ān pái zuò wèi shí jiù yào zhù yì,bǎ zhǔ yào tán pàn rén de zuò wèi xiānɡ hù kào jìn biàn yú jiāo tán huò shū tōnɡ qínɡ ɡǎn。rú ɡuǒ shì hòu
zhě,zhǐ xū yào zhù yì yí xiàr chánɡ shí xìnɡ de lǐ jié jiù xínɡ le. bǎ zhònɡ
diǎn fànɡ zài xīn shǎnɡ cài yáo shànɡ。
第九,最后离席时,必须向主人表示感谢,或者就此时邀请主人以后到自己家做客以示回敬。
Ninth, have to appreciate the host when leave, or invite the host to your home later in return.
dì jiǔ,zuì hòu lí xí shí,bì xū xiànɡ zhǔ rén biǎo shì ɡǎn xiè,huò zhě jiù
cǐ shí yāo qǐnɡ zhǔ rén yǐ hòu dào zì jǐ jiā zuò kè yǐ shì huí jìnɡ 。
4.纪录片《舌尖上的中国》The documentary “A Bite of China”
jì lù piàn 《 shé jiān shànɡ de zhōnɡ ɡuó 》
~
Additional Cultural knowledge
1. 岁寒三友——松、竹、梅
three durable plants of winter – pine, bamboo and plum blossom
suì hán sān yǒu — sōnɡ 、 zhú 、 méi
2. 花中四君子——梅、兰、竹、菊
four gentle flowers– plum blossom,orchid,bamboo and chrysanthemum
huā zhōnɡ sì jūn zǐ — méi 、 lán 、 zhú 、 jú
(received 12.11.2012 by Ms. Li Yunfang from yolanda-smile@qq.com)
(posted/reviewed 24.03.2013
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